In this article, we will provide a comprehensive guide to terms in psychology p, breaking down the most important concepts and definitions in an easy-to-understand format.
Psychology is a fascinating and complex field of study that encompasses a wide range of theories, concepts, and practices.
However, it can also be overwhelming for those who are new to the subject. Especially when you trying to navigate the many different terms and jargon used in the field.
Whether you are a student, professional, or simply someone with an interest in psychology, understanding the key terms and concepts is crucial.
By the end of this article, you will have a solid foundation in the vocabulary and terminology used in psychology. Its will allow you to better comprehend the subject and communicate with others in the field.
"Mastering Psychology Vocabulary: Key Terms to Enhance Your Understanding | The Essential Guide to Psychological Terminology: Terms You Should Know | Discovering Psychology: Exploring Common Terms and Concepts."
Terms in Psychology P
Pain
The body's response to noxious stimuli that are intense enough to cause, or threaten to cause, tissue damage.
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which sufferers experience unexpected, severe panic attacks that begin with a feeling of intense apprehension, fear, or terror.
Parallel Forms
Different versions of a test used to assess test reliability; the change of forms reduces effects of direct practice, memory, or the desire of an individual to appear consistent on the same items.
Parallel Processes
Two or more mental processes that are carried out simultaneously.
Parasympathetic Division
The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that monitors the routine operation of the body's internal functions and conserves and restores body energy.
Parental Investment
The time and energy parents must spend raising their offspring.
Parenting Practices
Specific parenting behaviors that arise in response to particular parental goals.
Parenting Styles
The manner in which parents rear their children; an authoritative parenting style, balances demandingness and responsiveness, is seen as the most effective.
Parietal Lobe
Region of the brain behind the frontal lobe and above the lateral fissure; contains somatosensory cortex.
Partial reinforcement effect
The behavioral principle that states the responses acquired under intermittent reinforcement are more difficult to extinguish than those acquired with continuous reinforcement.
Participant Modeling
A therapeutic technique in which a therapist demonstrates the desired behavior and a client is aided, through supportive encouragement, to imitate the modeled behavior.
Pastoral Counselor
A member of a religious order who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders, often combining spirituality with practical problem solving.
Patient
The term used by those who take a biomedical approach to the treatment of psychological problems to describe the person being treated.
Peace Psychology
An interdisciplinary approach to the prevention of nuclear war and the maintenance of peace.
Perceived Control
The belief that one has the ability to make a difference in the course or the consequences of some event or experience; often helpful in dealing with stressors.
Perception
The processes that organize information in the sensory image and interpret it as having been produced by properties of objects or events in the external, three-dimensional world.
Perceptual Constancy
The ability to retain an unchanging percept of an object despite variations in the retinal image.
Perceptual Organization
The processes that put sensory information together to give the perception of a coherent scene over the whole visual field.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The part of the nervous system composed of the spinal and cranial nerves that connect the body's sensory receptors to the CNS and the CNS to the muscles and glands.
Personality Types
Distinct patterns of personality characteristics used to assign people to categories; qualitative differences, rather than differences in degree, used to discriminate among people.
Persuasion
Deliberate efforts to change attitudes.
PET Scans
Brain images produced by a device that obtains detailed pictures of activity in the living brain by recording the radioactivity emitted by cells during different cognitive or behavioral activities.
Phantom Limb Phenomenon
As experienced by amputees, extreme or chronic pain in a limb that is no longer there.
Phenotype
The observable characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction between the organism's genotype and its environment.
Pheromones
Chemical signals released by organisms to communicate with other members of the species; often serve as long-distance sexual attractors.
Phi-Phenomenon
The simplest form of apparent motion, the movement illusion in which one or more stationary lights going on and off in succession are perceived as a single moving light.
Phobia
A persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that is excessive and unreasonable, given the reality of the threat.
Phonemes
Minimal units of speech in any given language that make a meaningful difference in speech production and reception. R and 1 are two distinct phonemes in English but variations of one in Japanese.
Photo-receptors
Receptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light.
Physical Development
The bodily changes, maturation, and growth that occur in an organism starting with conception and continuing across the life span.
Physiological Dependence
The process by which the body becomes adjusted to and dependent on a drug.
Pitch/ Voice Pitch
Sound quality of highness or lowness; primarily dependent on the frequency of the sound wave.
Pituitary Gland
Located in the brain, the gland that secrets growth hormone and influences the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands.
Place Theory
The theory that different frequency tones produce maximum activation at different locations along the basilar membrane. With the result that pitch can coded by the place at which activation occurs.
Placebo Control
An experimental condition in which treatment is not administered; it is used in cases where a placebo effect might occur.
Placebo Effect
A change in behavior in the absence of an experiment manipulation.
Placebo Therapy
A therapy independent of any specific clinical procedures, that results in client improvement.
Pons
The region of the brain stem that connects the spinal cord with the brain and links parts of the brain to one another.
Population
The entire set of individuals to which generalizations will be made based on an experimental sample.
Positive Punishment
A behavior is followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus, decreasing the probability of that behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
A behavior is followed by the presentation of an appetitive stimulus, increasing the probability of that behavior.
Possible Selves
The ideal selves that a person would like to become, the selves a person could become, and the selves a person is afraid of becoming; components of the cognitive sense of self.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent re-experience of traumatic events through distressing recollections, dreams, hallucinations, or dissociative flashbacks; develops in response to rapes, life-threatening events, severe injuries, and natural disasters.
Pre-attentive Processing
Processing of sensory information that precedes attention to specific objects.
Precocious Memories
Memories that are not currently conscious but that can easily be called into consciousness when necessary.
Predictive validity See criterion validity.
Prefrontal Lobotomy
An operation that severs the nerve fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain with the diencephalon. Especially those fibers of the thalami and hypothalami areas; best-known form of psycho-surgery.
Prejudice
A learned attitude toward a target object, involving negative affect (dislike or fear), negative beliefs (stereotypes) that justify the attitude, and a behavioral intention to avoid, control, dominate, or eliminate the target object.
Primacy Effect
Improved memory for items at the start of a list.
Primary Reinforces
Biologically determined reinforces such as food and water.
Priming
In the assessment of implicit memory, the advantage conferred by prior exposure to a word or situation.
Problem Solving | Problem Solving in Psychology
Thinking that is directed toward solving specific problems and that moves from an initial state to a goal state by means of a set of mental operations.
Problem Space
The elements that make up a problem: the initial state, the incomplete information or unsatisfactory conditions the person starts with.
The goal state, the set of information or state the person wishes to achieve; and the set of operations, the steps the person takes to move from the initial state to the goal state.
Procedural Memory
Memory for how things get done; the way perceptual, cognitive, and motor skills are acquired, retained, and used.
Protective Test
A method of personality assessment in which an individual is presented with a standardized set of ambiguous, abstract stimuli and asked to interpret their meanings. The individual's responses are assumed to reveal inner feelings, motive, and conflicts.
Prosocial Behaviors
Behaviors that are carried out with the goal of helping other people.
Prototype
The most representative example of a category.
Proximal Stimulus
The optical image on the retina; contrasted with the distal stimulus, the physical object in the world.
Psychiatrist
An individual who has obtained an M.D. degree and also has completed postdoctoral specialty training in mental and emotional disorders.
A psychiatrist may prescribe medications for the treatment of psychological disorders.
Psychic Determinism
The assumption that mental and behavioral reactions are determined by previous experiences.
Psychoactive Drugs
Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by temporarily changing conscious awareness of reality.
Psychoanalysis
The form of psycho-dynamic therapy developed by Freud. It is an intensive and prolonged technique for exploring unconscious motivations and conflicts in neurotic; anxiety-ridden individuals.
Psychoanalyst
An individual who has earned either a Ph.D. or an M.D. degree. And completed postgraduate training in the Freudian approach to understanding and treating mental disorder.
Psycho-biography
The use of psychological (especially personality) theory; to describe and explain an individual's course through life.
Psycho-dynamic Personality Theories
Theories of personality that share the assumption; that personality is shaped by and behavior is motivated by powerful inner forces.
Psycho-dynamic Perspective
A psychological model in which behavior is explained in terms of past experiences and motivational forces.
Actions are viewed as stemming from inherited instincts, biological drives, and attempts to resolve conflicts between personal needs and social requirements.
Psychological Assessment
The use of specified procedures to evaluate the abilities, behaviors, and personal qualities of people.
Psychological Dependence
The psychological need or craving for a drug.
Psychological Diagnosis
The label given to psychological abnormality by classifying and categorizing the observed behavior pattern into an approved diagnostic system/ manual.
Psychologist
An individual with a doctoral degree in psychology from an organized, sequential program in a regionally accredited university or professional school.
Psychology
The scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes. The study of human mind and behavior is called psychology.
Psychometric Function
A graph that plots the percentage of detection of a stimulus (on the vertical axis); for each stimulus intensity (on the horizontal axis).
Psycho-metrics
The field of psychology; that specializes in mental testing.
Psycho-neuroimmunoiogy
The research area that investigates interactions between psychological processes; such as responses to stress, and the functions of the immune system.
Psycho-pathological Functioning
Disruptions in emotional, behavioral, or thought processes that lead to personal distress or block one's ability to achieve important goals.
Psychopharmacology
The branch of psychology that investigates the effects of drugs on behavior.
Psycho-physics
The study of the correspondence between physical stimulation and psychological experience.
Psychosocial Stages
Proposed by Erik Erikson, successive developmental stages that focus on an individual's orientation toward the self and other.
These stages incorporate both the sexual and social aspects of a person's development; and the social conflicts that arise from the interaction between the individual and the social environment.
Psychosomatic Disorder
Physical disorders aggravated by, or primarily attributable to prolonged emotional stress or other psychological causes.
Psycho-surgery
A surgical procedure performed on brain tissue to alleviate a psychological disorder.
Psychotherapy
Any of a group of therapies, used to treat psychological disorders, that focus on changing faulty behaviors, thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that may be associated with specific disorders.
Psychotic Disorders
Severe mental disorders in which a person experiences impairments in reality testing manifested through thought, emotional, or perceptual difficulties; no longer used as a diagnostic category after DSM-III.
Puberty
The attainment of sexual maturity; indicated for girls by menarche, and for boys by the production of live sperm and the ability to ejaculate.
Punisher
Any stimulus that, when made contingent upon a response, decreases the probability of that response.
Conclusion
Terms of Psychology are discussed in above article starts with P for [100%] Success in Competitive Exams and Higher Posts in Government Departments of your country.
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